McIntosh v. United States

A district court’s failure to comply with Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 32.2(b)(2)(B)’s requirement to enter a preliminary order imposing criminal forfeiture before sentencing does not bar a judge from ordering forfeiture at sentencing subject to harmless-error principles on appellate review. Justice Sonia Sotomayor authored the unanimous opinion of the Court. There are three types of time limits: jurisdictional deadlines, mandatory claim-processing rules, and time-related directives. Jurisdictional deadlines completely deprive a court of power to act if missed, while mandatory claim-processing rules regulate the timing of motions and claims, and if properly invoked, bar the relevant action after the deadline passes. Time-related directives, on the other hand, encourage prompt action but do not deprive an official of power to act if the deadline is missed. Rule 32.2(b)(2)(B) is a time-related directive for several reasons. First, the rule’s language contemplates flexibility by allowing for exceptions when compliance is “impractical” and using indeterminate language like “sufficiently in advance.” Second, unlike other parts of Rule 32.2, this provision does not specify a consequence for noncompliance. Third, the rule governs the conduct of the court, not the litigants, which is more characteristic of time-related directives than claim-processing rules. Thus, a district court’s failure to enter a preliminary forfeiture order before sentencing does not deprive it of the power to order forfeiture.